Reparations for the Stolen Generations free essay sample

The purpose of this essay is to explore and analyse the issue of compensation or reparations for members of the Stolen Generations. First, a brief overview of the National Inquiry into the Separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Children from their Families Inquiry (referred to as the Bringing Them Home Report or the Inquiry) will be provided including the key recommendations drawn from the Inquiry. Second, current reparations that have been offered to Indigenous people within Australia and abroad will be analysed. Finally, from the information gathered the appropriateness of existing reparations will be discussed and recommendations will be made. The Inquiry was â€Å"established in response to concerns among Indigenous agencies and communities that the Australian practice of separating Indigenous children from their families had never been formally examined† (HREOC, 2007). The Inquiry gathered evidence from a number of individuals and organisations including, but not limited to, Indigenous individuals, government and church representatives, government staff (eg. We will write a custom essay sample on Reparations for the Stolen Generations or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page olice and doctors) and academics (HREOC, 2007; add more refs). The scope of the Inquiry was to address key areas of concern regarding the removal of Aboriginal children relating to the laws, policies and practices that resulted in removal and their effects, whether the (then) current laws and practices were adequate enough to help people affected by past removal, factors needing consideration regarding compensation and whether the (then) current laws and policies needed adapting or changing (HREOC, 2007; Ellis, 1996). The results of the Inquiry uncovered, among other things, cases of sexual and physical abuse, harsh institutional conditions, basic education, loss of heritage and culture. The Inquiry led to the Bringing Them Home Report (BTHR), which outlined 54 recommendations. The categories of recommendation included acknowledgement and apology, guarantee against repetition, restitution, rehabilitation, monetary compensation and implementation (HREOC 2007; add more refs). The removal of Aboriginal children from their families under the notion of ‘assimilation’ and supported by the legislation and policy referred to as ‘Protection’ and ‘Welfare’ was a blatant attempt at genocide1 which is considered by the United Nations (UN) Human Rights Committee as a gross human rights violation (Sculthorpe Mansell, 2008; Ellis, 1996; Pritchard, 1998). Compensation tends to focus on monetary compensation whereas reparation2 is an umbrella term that encompasses all of the categories mentioned above. In light of what the Stolen Generations experienced and what was denied to them they deserve more than basic monetary compensation which is still being withheld by the majority of Australia. The BTHR made clear the expectation that Indigenous people involved in the Stolen Generations be granted reparations following the aforementioned practices inflicted upon them. Not meeting the requirement of providing reparations would be contrary to Australia’s international human rights obligations (Durbach, year? add refs). Nevertheless, little has been done to implement the BTHR recommendations (ref here). Although the Howard government projected a strong focus on reconciliation, they failed to recognise the relationship between justice and reconciliation. Howard’s refusal to apologise based on previous governments wrongdoings meant that very little could be done in the way of reconciliation. Without an apology the healing process for many Indigenous people affected by the Stolen Generations were unable to progress. (Durbach, add more). The Howard government did offer restitution in the form of a $63 million fund 6 months after the BTHR was published. This was to go towards reuniting divided Aboriginal families and the setting up of a national archive in order to trace the devastated communities and preserve the minority of Aboriginal languages still spoken today (references). Although the federal government failed only expressed ‘sincere regret’ for the practices upheld by previous governments, State governments offered formal apologies to the Aboriginal people in their jurisdiction. Between May 27 1997 and October 24 2001 all States apologised for the wrongdoings of their predecessors (website, add more refs). Once Rudd was federally elected, he offered, on February 13, 2008, a formal apology to the Aboriginal people on behalf of the Australian parliament and its people (references). However, the Rudd government clearly stipulated that offering a formal apology would in no way bring forward opportunities for Indigenous people to claim compensation for the forcible removal from their families and the many detrimental effects this had on individuals, families and whole communities (references). In more recent times, the government has promised to establish the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Healing Foundation (13th February, 2009). However, it won’t provide healing services but rather â€Å"fund healing work, educating the community and evaluating healing programs to find out what works† (references). Other restitution initiatives have been implemented across different States and Territories but these initiatives have failed to assist all affected Indigenous people (references). Additionally, the government offered services to reconnect members of the Stolen Generations with their families, but in November 2009 it was announced that National Archives Australia planned on closing four offices between 2010 and 2012 (references). This will prove extremely detrimental to the efforts of services such as Link-Up that rely on these records to assist in the reconnection process. On a State level, Tasmania is the only state to implement an initiative which specifically provides compensation to victims of the Stolen Generations. The Stolen Generations of Aboriginal Children Act 2006 (Tas) was a $5 million fund set up to provide payments to eligible applicants (references). â€Å"106 Aboriginal people qualified for one-off compensation payments while 45 cases were rejected† (website reference). Other initiatives include the Queensland Redress Scheme which offered compensation to individuals who were subject to institutional abuse or neglect and Redress Western Australia (WA), individuals receive monetary compensation as well as an official apology by the state government. If evidence of abuse resulting in medical or psychological loss or injury can be provided then they may be entitled to a further payment. While the QLD and WA Redress Schemes offer compensation to members of the Stolen Generations, they were created universally for all Australians subject to abuse in care settings and therefore do not only compensate the forcible removal of those in the Stolen Generations. (references). In order to claim compensation for being removed from their families, an individual may need to pursue formal litigation. This is a non-existent option for many Indigenous people due to the lack of financial resources, evidence and supporting documents. The evidence may be ‘lost’, destroyed or not kept. Also, there is difficulty seeking lawyers from their remote locations. One successful case is that of Bruce Trevorrow. He sued the South Australian parliament for his removal from his family without their knowledge or consent which led to a life of crime, poor health, alcoholism, smoking and depression. He was awarded $450,000 for injuries and losses and a further $75,000 for his unlawful removal and imprisonment. A further $250,000 was awarded at a later date for interest accumulated over 50 years (references). Australia is not the only country with an Aboriginal population therefore it is vital to consider initiatives that were implemented in other countries to combat similar injustices. Countries that will be explored in this paper are the United State (US), South Africa and Canada. When looking at Australia’s efforts of reparations in isolation the results are disturbing. However, when you compare these to initiatives that are being implemented in other countries it is nothing less than infuriating to see how little the Australian government is doing. The US’ most successful reparations measure was preventing a repetition of human rights violations. The Indian Child Welfare Act (1978) (ICWA) was enacted in order to â€Å"promote tribal sovereignty and reverse the effects of forced assimiliation† (references). Creating an Act such as the ICWA gives credence to Native Americans that similar injustices will not reoccur as it recognised that past policies were inhuman and a violation of basic human rights (references). President Clinton offered an apology to the Tuskegee people who were made part of an overtly racist Public Health Service study between 1932 and 1972 (references). Aside from Clinton’s apology and the enactment of the ICWA, the US’ biggest downfall is their disregard for the need of a formal national apology to the Native Americans (references). South Africa has made many measures to offer reparations to the victims (more info ) So far only acknowledgement and apology and restitution have been offered. Minimal compensation (generally not for simply being ‘stolen’ but for the abuse they received. No guarantees – signatory to UN Declaration, current intervention in NT, while restitution is offered in healing programs etc etc not much funding towards mental health, parenting etc etc. Implementation has been suggested but rejected by government.. blah blah blahn

Cellular Transport essays

Cellular Transport essays The transport of materials through cellular membranes is a crucial function for the survival of cells. There are three different methods of transport through which materials can pass through cellular membranes: active transport, passive transport, and facilitated or carrier mediated transport. In our lab experiment, we studied the active transport of the amino acid leucine into the bacterium Escherichia coli and the passive transport of water molecules into onion cells. In the first experiment, we attempt to substantiate the hypothesis that active transport of leucine in E-coli would only occur when cells are supplied with glucose since glucose enable the production of ATP (adenosine triphosphate). ATP supply the energy needed for active transport. Leucine is a radioactive aminoacid. Radioactive materials have been able to make biochemical assays less complex and improve the ability for biological researches to follow biochemical reactions in cells. One of the most important uses of radioisotopes is the ability for these isotopes to act as radioactive tracers. These tracers function as a tool for the study of metabolic and transport processes. The presence of a radioisotope does not change the chemical properties of a molecule. Since, they are able to emit detected particles, radioactive molecules can be traced in cells and cellular extracts. All radioactive isotopes have three properties: (1) they generally emit alpha or beta particles o r gamma rays or combination. (2) Half-lives (which are the time it takes for half of the radioactive material to decay) are used to measure the rate of radioactive decay. (3) The radioactive decay energy which measures the kinetic energy with which the particles are emitted (Bilington 7). In the lab, the radioactive tracer molecule, C14, was used in order to follow the path of the amino acid, leucine, in Escherichia coli ( a bacterium). This experiment In the passive transpo...

Do you agree or disagree with the Supreme Court's decision in Citizend Essay

Do you agree or disagree with the Supreme Court's decision in Citizend United and why What are the implications for political discourse in the U.S - Essay Example The financial support of a political post in a corporation is likely to influence corporate staff to engage in corrupt deals. One may not have enough resources to campaign for the seat, a factor that may influence them to engage in corruption to raise the required financial resources for the campaign. If the Court decision prohibited all forms of financial support for political candidates, candidates would learn to make their own personal efforts in campaigning and not rely on financial support from corporations (Abrams, 2011). This is an indication of able leadership by the political candidates who can sponsor their campaigns without external  financial  support at the same time; the decision encourages discrimination in contest for corporate political seats. It is not easy  that all the candidates win a political support from a certain organization. For this reason, the ruling seems to encourage discrimination in corporate leadership. Another reason that I disagree with the ruling is that it may interfere with transparency and accountability in elections. Some corporations may go as far as sponsoring election rigging to ensure that the preferred candidate wins the elections (Abrams, 2011). Election rigging may be one of the most serious problems in the economic and political development of corporations and nations when it is extended from the personal level to the corporate level. The  decision was one of the most surprising decisions in the political sphere of the country, especially given the sensitivity on union and corporate money being used to sponsor federal elections (Neuborn, 2011). Despite the fact the funding of federal campaigns by corporations was banned; the law is not easy to implement if political campaigns in corporations are treated differently. In my opinion, political campaigns need to be treated equally regardless of the level of the campaign, and the seat being contested. It is unfair to have financial sponsors for corporate

Individual Developmental Plan Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Individual Developmental Plan - Article Example While considering my future plans related to improving my education and professional level, I established that UNB best suites my inclinations and requirements. I intended to pursue my further studies for the Masters Degree in Business Administration at the University of New Brunswick, Canada. This was an opportunity for me to travel and reside in Canada where the culture was quite different from what I had been used to back in Saudi Arabia. Studying for my MBA at University of New Brunswick was a cultural experience in which I developed in the process of learning the new culture and adjusting to it. In essence, the Arabian and Canadian perceived me in different ways, and they brought out the dissimilar part of me through the social exemplification of culture and personality. Owing to the fact that the two cultures are quite dissimilar from each other, they exemplify different characters in me. For instance, the culture in Saudi Arabia portrayed me as a conservative, cultured and tra ditional man since the cultural inclination of Saudi Arabia rewards and appreciates such characters. So while in Saudi Arabia I epitomize the Arabian culture of being religious and cultured but in Canada, the culture perceived me as a liberal, talkative and funny individual due to the cultural background that appreciates such characters. Therefore, the cultural experience in Canada had a lot of impact on my personal character because it exposed certain areas in my personality that was perhaps hidden by the Arabian culture back in my native country. This was symbolized by the constant need for me to adjust to the new culture, which was quite dissimilar to my home culture that I was familiar with. Comparatively, the cultures of Saudi Arabia and Canada have a lot of features in common that I witnessed in my experience in both places. Basically, culture espouses similar values that bond the society together. For instance, the social values of Saudi Arabia and Canada are the same in the sense that they are governed by religious activities. Though the two cultures profess different religions, Islam for Saudi Arabia and Christianity for Canada, the religions play a defining role in social life and influence the social norms. Similarly, both cultures are based on strong family values which govern the society and the family values are founded on the principles of love, unity, and godliness. In my experience, I witnessed several points of divergence in the cultures, which stemmed from the fundamental principles governing the respective cultures. First and foremost is the aspect of religion, which is the basis of culture. In Saudi Arabia, the culture is purely based on the Islamic culture whereby worship is an integral aspect of the culture. The Arabian culture is inherently conservative, and social relations are restricted with boys and girls separated from each other. Canada, on the other hand, is a liberal society that is based on Christian ideals; the culture emphasi zes strong family values and contemporary social behaviors. My personal style had a lot of influence on the process of cultural development while studying in the University of New Brunswick. The similarities with the cultures lay in my

Japanese Internment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Japanese Internment - Essay Example The article provides valuable perceptions and insights about what the Japanese went through during the internment(Flamiano,2000, pp.22). The United States entered into World War II after the Japanese Navy attacked Pearl Harbour in 1941. According to Dolores the anti Japanese criteria, then gripped the home front. She states that president Franklin signed an executive order which authorized the war department to exclude any group of people from the military areas for the duration of the war. A hundred and ten thousand Japanese immigrants and Americans from the west coast were evacuated at that time. Their lives were disrupted since they had to stop living their normal lives and move to other areas. The Japanese Americans were falsely accused of sending signals to their countries. Dolores states that three priests were arrested and the reporters gave a false report. Dolores explains that the Japanese continued to follow their traditions while still in America. She quotes a California governor saying that it would be impossible to tell whether the Japanese are loyal or not. She states that they faced racism in America w hereby all Asian immigrants were considered aliens in the United States. Internment photography begun in the 1970s as scholarly analysis with a strong focus being on the Manzanar photographs of Asel Adams and Dorothea Lange. Many scholars, however, neglected the magazine photography in order to study the ones in museums or the government archives. Dolores states that Adam’s work that contained eight photographs shared a vision that the camp was tough to live in for people of Manzarin An example, as Dolores explains, was a photo of Collier that portrayed opportunities for people who were ready to work. In 1980 and 2004, Elena Tajima and Sylvia Danovitch noticed that the internment photographs excluded the harshness or inconvenience of the camp’s living conditions. An example is Colliers’s photo of two women with checkered curtains at their

Emily Dickinsons Symbolism of Death

Emily Dickinsons Symbolism of Death Emily Dickinson is thought to be â€Å"one of the greatest American poets that have ever existed† (Benfey 5). Her poems can be directly linked to her life and many of them are about death. Only seven of Dickinsons poems were published while she was alive and her works were heavily criticized. However, despite the harsh criticism her works on the subjects of life and death are now among the most riveting in the English language. Dickinson was antisocial and refused to leave her home or have visitors. Some biographers say that in the early 1860s Dickinson went through an emotional crisis because of her isolation. Her emotional state was further disturbed when her father died in 1874 followed by a close family friend, Otis Lord, a couple years later. Dickinson herself described what she felt at that time as an â€Å"attack of nerves† (Cameron 29). Dickinsons remorse inspired her to write more poems: in 1862 she composed over 300 poems. â€Å"Her absorption in the world of feeling found some relief in associations with nature; yet although she loved nature and wrote many nature lyrics, her interpretations are always more or less swayed by her own state of being† (Benfey 22). â€Å"The quality of her writing is profoundly stirring, because it betrays, not the intellectual pioneer, but the acutely observant woman, whose capacity for feeling was profound† (Bennet 61). The seven poems that were published during her lifetime were published anonymously and a few without her consent. â€Å"The editors of the periodicals in which her lyrics appeared made significant alterations to them in attempt to regularize the meter and grammar, consequently discouraging Dickinson from seeking further publication† (Fuller 17). After Dickinsons death all her poems were published and she was acknowledged as a poet ahead of her time. Some critics thought that, â€Å"Her work was often cryptic in thought and unmelodious in expression† (Bennet 64). A poem written during her attack of nerves in 1862 titled â€Å"This is my letter to the World† is written, as the title implies, as a message to the world after her death as if she were speaking beyond the grave. â€Å"The plea that she be judged tenderly for natures sake combines an insistence on imitation of nature as the basis of her art with a special plea for tenderness towards her own fragility or sensitivity; but poetry should be judged by how well the poet achieves his or her intention and not by the poem alone, as Emily Dickinson surely knew† (Bloom 297). â€Å"This particular poems generalization about her isolation—and its apologetic tone—tends toward the sentimental, but one can detect some desperation underneath the softness† (Bloom 298). Another poem, â€Å"Tell all the Truth, but tell it slant-â€Å" is full of her slant rhymes which make the reader get lost in her puzzle of words. â€Å"The idea of artistic success lying in circuit—that is, in confusion and symbolism—goes well with the stress on amazing sense and staggering paradoxes which we have seen her express elsewhere† (Eberwein 171). She seems to enjoy keeping truths from being revealed, as if we are not ready to know the truth. . â€Å"On the very personal level for Emilys mind, â€Å"infirm delight† would correspond to her fear or experience and her preference for anticipation over fulfillment. For her, Truths surprise had to remain in the world of imagination. However, superb surprise sounds more delightful than frightening† (Bloom 89). Dickinsons famous poem Success is Counted Sweetest, is sagely and complex. â€Å"It proceeds by inductive logic to show how painful situations create knowledge and experience not otherwise available† (Eberwein 18). The poem begins with underdogs in their struggle for success and their indomitable will to succeed. Then the poem gains momentum by stating that only those with the most thirst can comprehend what they need to succeed. â€Å"Having briefly introduced people who are learning through deprivation, Emily goes onto the longer description of a person dying on a battlefield. The word â€Å"host,† referring to an armed troop, gives the scene an artificial elevation intensified by the royal color purple. These seemingly victorious people understand the nature of victory much less than does a person who has been denied it and lies dying. His ear is forbidden because it must strain to hear and will soon not hear at all† (Eberwein 19). Even though this poem is com plex it has a cheerful side and paints excellent images. â€Å"On the biographical level, it can be seen as a celebration of the virtues and rewards of Emily Dickinsons renunciatory way of life, and as an attack on those around her who achieved worldly success† (Bloom 158). Of all her poems â€Å"I Heard a Fly Buzz—When I Died—† follows Dickinsons style and infatuation with life and death most devoutly. The start of the poem has great impact. She describes the moment of her death, so you are already aware she is dead. â€Å"In the first stanza, the death rooms stillness contrasts with a flys buzz that the dying person hears, and the tension pervading the scene is likened to the pauses within a storm. The second stanza focuses on the concerned onlookers, whose strained eyes and gathered breath emphasize their concentration in the face of a sacred event: the arrival of the â€Å"King,† who is death. In the third stanza, attention shifts back to the speaker, who has been observing her own death with all the strength of her remaining senses† (Eberwein 201). As her senses start to leave her she makes a will of her material possessions so people can remember her and starts to saunter slowly towards death. â€Å"But the buzz ing fly intervenes at the last instant; the phrase and then† indicates that this is a casual event, as if the ordinary course of life were in no way being interrupted by her death† (Bloom 365). â€Å"The flys â€Å"blue buzz† is one of the most famous pieces of synesthesia in Emily Dickinsons poems. This image represents the fusing of color and sound by the dying persons diminishing senses. The uncertainty of the flys darting motions parallels her state of mind. Flying between the light and her, it seems to both signal the moment of death and represent the world that she is leaving† (Bloom 365). â€Å"In â€Å"This World is Not Conclusion,† Emily Dickinson dramatizes a conflict faith in immortality and severe doubt† (Bloom 55). The last eight lines were omitted by the publishers because of its controversial content. The altered poem no longer retained its original meaning. â€Å"The complete poem can be divided into two parts: the first twelve lines and the final eight lines† (Eberwein 89). The first four lines speak of the afterlife and how we should intuitively know it exists. The next four lines are about struggling and surviving. â€Å"Even wise people must pass through the riddle of death without knowing where they are going† (Bloom 55). â€Å"In the next four lines, the speaker struggles to assert faith. Her faith now appears in the form of a bird that is searching for reasons to believe. But available evidence proves as irrelevant as twigs and as indefinite as the directions shown by a spinning weathervane. The desperation of a bird aimles sly looking for its way is analogous to the behavior of preachers whose gestures and hallelujahs cannot point the way to faith† (Bloom 56). The poem ends with the message that no one can be rid of doubt, not even the preachers themselves. It manages to make the reader question whether there is an afterlife. Finally, the poem â€Å"This Consciousness That Is Aware† starts off by talking about how experiencing death changes a person. â€Å"The poem opens by dramatizing the sense of mortality which people often feel when they contrast their individual time bound lives to the world passing by them† (Eberwein 49). In the next stanza the order of the words are reversed to show that the speakers life has been flipped upside-down. â€Å"The speaker anticipates moving between experience and death—that is, from experience into death by means of the experiment of dying. Dying is an experiment because it will test us, and allow us, and no one else, to know if our qualities are high enough to let us survive beyond death† (Bloom 137). As in her other poems, Dickinson seeks answers through death. It is as if she is courting death through her poetry. Dickinsons poems, even this small sample, touch upon death. Shes a spiritual person who prefers to look inward for answers. This inwardness explains her preference to being isolated and her fascination with death as those close to her died. It difficult to say exactly how many of her poems touch on the subject of life and death, but certainly most of them mention it. This is not surprising considering that a small New England town in the 1800s had a high mortality rate. Because of this there was death all around her. â€Å"This factor contributed to her preoccupation with death, as well as her withdrawal from the world, her anguish over her lack of romantic love, and her doubts about fulfillment beyond the grave† (Cameron 114). What is fascinating is that she tackles the sensitive issue of death in a way that her â€Å"Readers tend to be impressed by her sensitive and imaginative handling of this painful subject† (Stonum 83). â€Å"If nothing else had come out of our l ife but this strange poetry we should feel that in the work of Emily Dickinson, America, or New England rather, had made a distinctive addition to the literature of the world, and could not be left out of any record of it† (Benfey 66). Dickinsons poetry is a quest to the answers within us all concerning life and death.

Max Weber on Society Essay -- Max Weber sociology sociological Essays

Max Weber on Society Max Weber was one of the world's greatest sociologists and wrote a lot about the capitalist world he lived in. He had a different conception of capitalist society than most of his contemporaries. He looked at capitalism from all the different aspects that the philosophy was made of. Some of these aspects are state power, authority, class inequality, imperialism, and bureaucracy. To understand how Weber thought one must look at each area separately then put them all together in a global package. Weber describes history in terms of the constant struggle for power. He bases all significant historical changes on the power struggle that caused them. Weber describes power as a zero sum game. That means for one person to gain power, someone else has to loose the same amount of power. A fundamental aspect of the power struggle is the state, and its power. Weber states that the state is the monopoly of legitimate force. The state is a compulsory of power, and the laws within it are its powers to enforce its power. The main struggle for power is that of force verses authority. Force is power that can be used to get one's way, and authority is the legitimate use of power to rule. Within the struggle for power, Weber defines three forms of authority: rational-legal authority, traditional authority, and charismatic authority. Rational-legal authority is anchored in impersonal rules that have been legally established. This type of has come to characterize...

Urban Planning in Developing Countries

Urban Planning in Developing States Introduction In recent old ages, there has been an increasing involvement in 3rd universe urban planning. Over past three decennaries at that place has been a big migration of China`s population from rural to urban parts. As Grubler says: â€Å"Fast urbanisation and consequent land usage alteration had altered ecosystems, destroyed wildlife home grounds, changed regional climes and released big sums of C into the atmosphere† ( Grubler, 1998 ) . At the same clip, the metropoliss are developing really fast but ignored the quality of planning. As a effect, the citizens` life quality has dropped quickly. There is grounds, nevertheless, that citizens who live in a well-planned metropolis happen it easy to hold a high felicity degree. For illustration, Barcelona`s metropolis program remains one of the best theoretical accounts in the universe even Spain may be confronting important economic and political challenges these old ages. Compared with other metropoliss in the development states, Barcelona has paid more attending on the metropolis users` perceptual experience and experience, the metropolis contrivers ever put the users` feeling foremost and so comes the regulations, that is why Barcelona`s citizens can easy bask their life at that place. On the other manus, citizens of the developing countries` metropoliss will be harder to advance happiness index. A inquiry originating from these considerations concerns the best manner to plan metropoliss or re-plan metropoliss of developing states. The undertaking will analyze the urban design in developing states. It will look at how to do the most suited determination for every 3rd universe states ‘ planning. It will explicate why we should pay more attending to this country. First, the undertaking will do a comparing between the urban design in developed states and that in developing states. Second, the undertaking will speak about how to do a good program in developing states. Third, the undertaking will analysis the feasibleness of doing a good program in developing states. Section 1 Urban planning in the universeUrban planning in developed statesPlaning used to be a physical infinite theory, but for now, the developed countries` planning is a theory of public policy and public direction. As the basic urban building is completed, what they should make now is merely to maintain upgrading each country of a metropolis and increase public engagement. As Potter says: â€Å"By now, many states in both the developed and developing universe parts espouse the demand for greater public engagement in planning, although in pattern, many may merely pay it lip service.† ( Potter, 2012, p.149 ) In developed states, the contrivers play an of import function in the society. The contrivers ever spend batch of clip to understand the metropoliss and forecast the development of the metropoliss. City is like a system and the system is a complicated entireness, which contains a batch of objects and subdivisions. The contrivers in developed states will make their best to unite them and do them related to each other. On the other manus, the contrivers are ever glad to listen to the citizens and roll up their sentiments ; they will unite assortment of particular demands and programs to go a comprehensive rational pick. For these grounds, the citizens in developed states are much easier to obtain felicity.Urban planning in developing statesThe planning procedure in alleged developing states, like China, is radically different from western states. In recent old ages, big Numberss of instructors came back from abroad conveying back the thoughts of aliens, so base on balls on to their pup ils. However, the urbanisation procedure in China is rather different with foreign states and we do non hold a ain theory which is suited for this state of affairs, the manner we are be aftering is copying western theoretical accounts, that is why we have so much jobs in today`s metropoliss. Developing states ever have economically backward, the easiest manner to turn economic system is to increase the population. With the growing of population, many jobs will be much harder to work out than earlier, such as the relationships between persons, lodging, transit and environment. The contrivers in most of the developing states ever put net incomes in the first topographic point and disregard the metropolis user`s experience, they will believe small about the city`s hereafter. Developing states besides used to pursuit the develop velocity and disregard the quality of a metropolis. Any city`s development is a long historical procedure, there must hold a big figure of civilization relics in this procedure. But as this phase of urban planning in China, most of the historical and cultural sights were badly damaged by our alleged development. When speaking about the environment in China, it is besides a immense job. A good environment is a critical status of metropolis developing. With the unsuitable method of program a metropolis, the air quality, H2O quality and other environmental quality decreased aggressively in these few decennaries. Compared with the urban planning in developed states, there is a deficiency of future chances in developing states ‘ urban planning. Section 2 How to do a suited program in developing states 2.1 What should authorities and contrivers do? The authorities should pay more attending on metropolis planning than earlier. They used to pay excessively much attending on the economic system increasing and about ignored the metropolis planning, so they should alter their head to maintain the balance between them. The authorities should beef up the earnestness of urban be aftering which including strengthen jurisprudence enforcement, promote the enforcement procedure, better enforcement steps and other related steps. During the planning procedure, the contrivers should set citizens to the first topographic point but non net incomes. Environmental quality is really of import in presents, the contrivers should non disregard it because urban planning is a theory of functioning the persons, and they should develop the metropolis without harm the environment of citizens. Urban be aftering should reflect the net incomes of the populace such as the country of transit, amusement, medical attention, instruction and so on, contrivers must do certain people-oriented. As Silva says: â€Å"Urban contrivers face major challenges in the aggregation of informations towards analyzing the invariably altering societal, economic and environmental conditions in cities.† ( Silva, 2010, p.388 ) 2.2 What should citizens make? Urban planning is non an matter of authorities and contrivers, the populace should besides take participate in it. The citizens of a metropolis should better their quality and have an international position to convey aid to urban development. In developed states, the correct theory said that urban planning is a collaborative procedure. When necessary, public should give nonsubjective advices and helpful suggestions to assist the contrivers, guarantee the procedure is come oning. On the other manus, everyone should make their best to protect the environment and cut down the waste of resources in the procedure of urban development, in order to cut down the force per unit area of authorities and contrivers. The connexion between cities` users and contrivers should be a co-operation relationship. Section 3 The feasibleness of urban planning in developing states. 3.1 A instance analysis of Shanghai This paragraph presents a instance analysis of Shanghai, China ‘s largest and most of import industrial centre. Rapid industrial and economic development in China over the past three decennaries has resulted in a big migration from rural countries to metropoliss, the population of Shanghai was more than twofold and building country increased quickly every bit same as the figure of vehicles. For this ground, it is a truly tough work to re-plan a metropolis like Shanghai. Since we can non cut down the figure of population, the lone manner to re-plan the metropolis is to accommodate the current state of affairs and happen out the suited solutions. During the past decennaries, Shanghai had spent a immense figure of money on the urban substructure investing ( see Appendix 1 ) . Even the authorities used this portion of fillip to upgrade a batch of countries of substructure investing, but it is still difficult to equilibrate the relationships between persons, lodging, transit and env ironment. 3.2 Problems and troubles The migration and urbanisation is still keep increasing in the metropoliss like Shanghai and we can non calculate the hereafter. If we can construct little and moderate-sized metropoliss, which have perfect map, surround the large metropoliss, they may pull people to travel in from the large metropoliss. This method will alter the migration and urbanization tendency, it besides can better the growing and development of both large metropoliss and other metropoliss. As Pacione says: National industrial-development policy, including the determination to construct little and moderate-sized metropoliss for investing allotment intents, has straight affected the growing and development of Shanghai†¦ They conclude that the Chinese achievement in large-scale urban transmutation and their success in incorporating the spacial growing of big industrial centres is a singular accomplishment in urban and regional planning, which should be studied closely by contrivers in both the developed and the underdeveloped states. ( Pacione, 1981, p.26 ) On the other manus, this method may be useless to China because of the population. There has more chances in large metropoliss such as Shanghai, it is truly a tough work to alter people`s head to migrate to smaller metropoliss. With a immense figure of population and deficiency of public engagement in big metropoliss, the work of program and re-plan tend to be harder. Compared with developed states, there will be much less jobs in urban design or metropolis re-planning. Decision Taking the suggested solutions could work out the jobs in developing states but it will take a long clip for developing states to maintain gait with the developed states. The developing states should larn the manner of developed states, but still necessitate to happen out a much more suited manner to be after the metropoliss or re-plan them. A good metropolis planning contains a batch of elements and it is non merely a procedure to incorporate assorted of resources, it should convey urban occupants a more comfy and harmonious life environment. Although many of the developing countries` metropoliss are upgrading, but in most of their program there still exist unscientific, irrational and follow blindly. The cities` contrivers made their determination to do the metropoliss become a new Manhattan or a new Hong Kong irrespective of the specific fortunes, the figure of these metropoliss now is at least 40 harmonizing to relevant statistics. We can non merely concentrate on economic development and bury the significance of urban be aftering itself. Developing states has a batch of jobs in the urban planning procedure, it is due to miss of research establishments for urban planning. At this point, the developed states ever have their ain urban be aftering research establishments, which will happen the most suited solutions to upgrade the metropoliss. The developing states should construct research centres like the developed states and understand the metropoliss so that the contrivers can do the right determinations. Mentions Grubler, A. ( 1998 )Technology and Global Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Potter, R. ( 2012 )Urbanization and Planning in the Third World.Routledge Ltd. Silva, C. ( 2010 )Handbook of Research on E-planning. Information Science Reference ( Isr ) Pacione, M. ( ed. ) ( 1981 )Problems and be aftering in Third World metropoliss. Great Britain: Biddles Ltd. Shanghai Bureau of Statistic ( 2011 ) . Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.stats-sh.gov.cn/tjnj/nje11.htm? d1=2011tjnje/E1001.htmYearEntirePower CoevalsTransportation systemPost and TelecommunicationsPublic UtilitiesCivil Constructions2000449.964.6148.8368.69104.4163.342001510.7872.2260.72107.792.25177.892002583.4962.1463.01108.23148.42201.692003604.6266273.7776.5836.91151.362004672.5889.52316.9654.3926.92184.82005885.74124.22385.5858.3241.33276.2820061125.54116.23589.52113.7256.23249.8420071466.33163.3840.46101.5760.9300.1120081733.18129.53838.91108.59112.81543.3420092113.45253.39978.24122.66135.95623.2120101497.46148.5754.66111.5486.58396.18100 million kwai Appendix 1: Urban Infrastructure Investment of Shanghai ( 2000-2010 )

Proof of a Physical World essays

Proof of a Physical World essays Proof of a Physical World (i.e. Were not just floating brains) 1) The mind perceives or creates the physical world 2) The mind cannot create anything original A) The mind did not originate the ideas of the physical world, but still creates it 1) The mind can only borrow ideas from experience to create something 2) If an idea is borrowed, than the idea is not original A1) The mind cannot create anything original 1) I think, therefore I am: the mind is the only thing thus far that can be proven to exist 2) By necessity, it is our mind then, that creates the world A2) The mind perceives or creates the physical world 1) If something is not original, the idea has existed before 2) The mind did not originate the ideas of the world B) The ideas of the physical world existed before our mind perceived them 1) If our mind alone exists, then the physical world and its ideas could not exist before our mind perceived them 2) The ideas of the physical world existed before our mind perceived them C) Our mind alone does not exist Im not sure if this is the proper layout you want, so please give me some feedback on that. Further, Im not entirely sure if the words original and originate can be swapped as in Argument B. Any input would be super swell. Thanks. The idea exists that we are floating brains, and that the physical world is only existent because our mind perceives it. The argument is that there is no physical world, only our minds and their creations. I disagree: Regardless of whether our mind alone exists, it is our mind that perceives the physical world: a fact that cannot be argued. However, our mind is incapable of creating anything original. If I were to give a child a crayon and ask him to draw something who ...

Lesson Plan Writing Tips for Teachers

Lesson Plan Writing Tips for Teachers Lesson plans help classroom teachers to organize their objectives and methodologies in an easy to read format. Difficulty: AverageTime Required: 30-60 minutes Heres How to Write a Lesson Plan Find a lesson plan format that you like. Try the Blank 8-Step Lesson Plan Template below, for starters. You may also want to look at lesson plan formats for language arts, reading lessons, and mini-lessons.Save a blank copy on your computer as a template. You may want to highlight the text, copy, and paste it onto a blank word processing app page instead of saving a blank copy.Fill in the blanks of your lesson plan template. If you are using the 8-Step Template, use these step-by-step instructions as a guide for your writing.Label your learning objective as cognitive, affective, psychomotor, or any combination of these.Designate an approximate length of time for each step of the lesson.List the materials and equipment needed for the lesson. Make notes about those that need to be reserved, purchased, or created.Attach a copy of any handouts or worksheets. Then you will have everything together for the lesson. Tips for Writing Lesson Plans A variety of lesson plan templates can be found in your education classes, from colleagues, or on the Internet. This is a case where it isnt cheating to use somebody elses work. Youll be doing plenty to make it your own.Remember that lesson plans come in a variety of formats; just find one that works for you and use it consistently. You may find through the course of a year that you have one or more that fits your style and the needs of your classroom.You should aim for your lesson plan to be less than one page long. What You Need: Lesson Plan TemplateWell-Defined Learning Objectives: this is a key element, everything else flows from the objectives. Your objectives need to be stated in terms of the student. They have to be something that can be observed and measured. You have to list specific criteria for what is an acceptable outcome. They cant be too long or overly complicated. Keep it simple.Materials and Equipment: You will need to ensure that these are going to be available for your class when the lesson is being taught. If you are too ambitious and require items that your school doesnt have, you will need to rethink your lesson plan. Blank8-Step Lesson Plan Template This template has eight basic parts that you should address. These are Objectives and Goals, Anticipatory Set, Direct Instruction, Guided Practice, Closure, Independent Practice, Required Materials and Equipment, and Assessment and Follow-Up.   Lesson Plan Your NameDateGrade Level:Subject: Objectives and Goals:   Ã‚  Ã‚   Anticipatory Set (approximate time):   Ã‚  Ã‚   Direct Instruction (approximate time):   Ã‚  Ã‚   Guided Practice (approximate time):   Ã‚  Ã‚   Closure (approximate time):   Ã‚  Ã‚   Independent Practice: (approximate time)   Ã‚  Ã‚   Required Materials and Equipment: (set-up time)   Ã‚  Ã‚   Assessment and Follow-Up: (approximate time)

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ARE THERE ENOUGH RESSOURCES FOR YOUNG MUMS AFTER PREGNANCY - Dissertation Example Conversely, collecting primary data is often prohibitively expensive. (Brown & Semradek, 1992). Primary data can take years to compile; secondary data, a matter of months. (Hopperth, 2005). Also, there is the issue of sample size – secondary research is often compiled by a government agency, with well-documented collection procedures and well-maintained data files. The information that is compiled is often comprehensive – everything from information on births, deaths, employment, income, etc. to specialized information, such as information about participant's attitudes, beliefs, and related family issues. (Hopperth, 2005). That said, there are issues with using secondary research. One of the issues is that of validity and reliability. Validity is if the study measures what it purports to measure, while reliability refers to the ability to give the same result consistently, even with different researchers, instruments and events. (Harris, 2001). Reliability can be reprod ucible, which means that different researchers will get the same result; stable, which means that the results do not change over time; and accurate, which means that process conforms to a known standard and yields what it is supposed to. (Harris, 2001). In order for the study to be valid, the outcome data needs to be complete. This is especially crucial when looking at statistical evidence over a period of time between different populations. (Sorensen et al., p. 436). Validity, as well as reliability and accuracy are all sensitive issues when dealing with secondary data, because of the problems with conceptualizing of the data, as well as dealing with errors that can occur when selecting, collecting, recording, filing, analyzing and publicizing the data. (Brown & Semradek, 1992). Therefore, the information that is compiled in desk based research, or secondary research, is often found on the Internet by using cites that cater to the topic at hand. Since the topic at hand is not one t hat is overly reliant upon statistics and other types of information that is kept by such organisations as the World Health Organisation, the information may be obtained through other means. One of these means is the database JStor, which provides a wide range of academic articles, as well as Google Scholar. SSRN is another database that has a wide range of articles. These sites were chosen because they provide a comprehensive database of academic articles that are written for topics such as this and other topics. These articles are often studies which are noted by the researchers who wrote the individual article, which provides valuable insight into the topic. The topic may be researched by inputting certain key words, such as lone parent, young mother, and services, and then the topics can be expanded from there. For instance, in this topic, there are a wide range of issues that need to be addressed. Social exclusion is one issue, and the way that this is researched is by inputtin g the key words of social exclusion and getting articles about this topic. Another topic is that of housing, and the same procedure can be used for this topic. In other words, there are issues that young mothers face that are not exclusive to young mothers – these issues are more universal. However, since desk based research is meant to be comprehensive, these secondary topics are included. Another way of approaching the desk based resea

Innovation and Enterprise (BBVA) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

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